Python Automated Testing Using Pytest: A Comprehensive Guide

Automated testing is a crucial aspect of modern software development. It ensures code reliability, maintainability, and helps prevent regression bugs. In the Python ecosystem, Pytest stands out as one of the most powerful, flexible, and widely-used testing frameworks. What is Pytest? Pytest is a testing framework for Python that makes it easy to write simple … Read more

Memory Management in Python – A Deep Dive

Python is a high-level, dynamically-typed language. It abstracts away memory management for the developer — but understanding how it works under the hood is crucial for writing efficient and memory-safe programs. For the purposes of this article, I’ll focus on the memory management done by the default implementation of Python, CPython. Analogy You can begin … Read more

Mastering SQL: Understanding CTEs, Views, and Temporary Tables for Cleaner, More Efficient Queries

SQL offers powerful tools like CTEs, Views, and Temporary Tables to simplify complex queries and manage data efficiently. Though they may seem similar, each serves a unique purpose. Understanding their differences helps you write clearer, faster, and more maintainable SQL. This article explains what they are, how they differ, and when to use each. What … Read more

Complete Guide to Matrices

Matrices are fundamental data structures in computer science and mathematics. In competitive programming, matrices are widely used in problems involving 2D grids, dynamic programming, graph algorithms, geometry, and simulations. Basics of Matrices in Python Python doesn’t have a native matrix type. A matrix is typically represented as a list of lists: Concepts Matric Representation Initialisation … Read more

The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide for Competitive programming Part 1

Competitive programming or sport programming is a mind sport involving participants trying to program according to provided specifications. Recursion Recursion is one of the most powerful and elegant tools in programming or even in competitive — but it can seem confusing at first. In this guide, you’ll learn what recursion is, how to identify recursive … Read more

Understanding Python Decorators: A Powerful Tool for Clean and Reusable Code

Python decorators are one of the language’s most powerful and expressive features. They allow you to extend and modify the behavior of functions or classes without changing their actual code. This article will cover everything you need to know to understand, write, and use decorators effectively. What Is a Decorator? In Python, decorators are a … Read more

Linked List: A Complete Guide

linked list

Linked Lists are one of the most fundamental data structures in computer science. Understanding their operations is crucial for interviews, system designs, and efficient programming. In this article, we’ll explore what a linked list is, and walk through all the key operations step-by-step. What is a Linked List? A Linked List is a linear data … Read more

Understanding the Modulo Operation

In programming and mathematics, the modulus operator (%) plays a very important role but often gets overlooked. It’s a simple yet powerful tool once you know how to use it. Let’s dive into what it is, how it works, and where it is commonly used. What is Modulo? Modulo (often written as % in programming) … Read more