Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is one of the most common and dangerous security vulnerabilities found in web applications. It allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into otherwise benign and trusted websites. When unsuspecting users visit these sites, the malicious scripts execute in their browsers, potentially compromising sensitive data or hijacking user sessions. What is XSS? XSS … Read more
GraphQL is a query language and runtime for APIs developed by Facebook in 2012 and open-sourced in 2015. It provides a more efficient, flexible, and powerful alternative to REST. Instead of multiple endpoints, clients access all data through a single endpoint and explicitly define what data they need. This article offers a complete overview of … Read more
In an era where microservices dominate modern application architecture, efficient communication between services is more important than ever. gRPC, short for google Remote Procedure Call, is a high-performance, open-source universal RPC framework developed by Google. It facilitates client-server communication with features that make it ideal for building distributed systems. What is gRPC? gRPC is a … Read more
Whether you’re browsing the web, sending a message, or playing an online game, sockets are the underlying technology enabling devices to communicate over a network. What is a Socket? A socket is an endpoint for sending or receiving data across a computer network. Think of it as a two-way communication pipe connecting two programs—one running … Read more
In distributed computing, Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful protocol that enables a program to execute a procedure (function or subroutine) on another address space—typically on a remote server—without the programmer needing to code the details for this remote interaction explicitly. RPC abstracts the complexity of network communication, making it appear as though the … Read more
JWT is widely used in APIs, single-page applications, mobile apps, and even microservices due to its compact, secure, and stateless nature. Basic Authentication Problems with Basic Authentication: Token-based Authentication (JWT) To solve the limitations of Basic Authentication, we use JWT – the most common token-based solution. JWT (JSON Web Token) is an open standard (RFC … Read more
OAuth 2.0 is the industry-standard protocol for authorization. It allows third-party applications to gain limited access to a user’s resources without exposing their credentials. Developed by the IETF OAuth Working Group, it has become the backbone of secure delegated access on the web. From social login (like “Sign in with Google”) to accessing APIs in … Read more
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) play a central role in enabling communication between software systems. From retrieving weather data to enabling online payments, APIs act as bridges between different applications. Whether you’re building a mobile app, web service, or enterprise solution, understanding APIs is crucial. What is an API? An API is a set of rules … Read more
When it comes to web services and APIs, two major communication protocols dominate the landscape: REST (Representational State Transfer) and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). Both serve the same fundamental purpose—enabling communication between different systems over a network—but they differ significantly in structure, implementation, and use cases. What is REST? REST is an architectural style … Read more
Python offers a variety of powerful web frameworks, with Flask, FastAPI, and Django leading the pack. Each has its own strengths, weaknesses, and ideal use cases. This article compares them in detail to help you decide which one best fits your project. Overview of the Frameworks Feature Flask FastAPI Django Type Microframework Modern, async-ready microframework … Read more