The process of converting an arbitrary size of data into a fixed-sized value is called hashing and it is a one-way process, i.e. the input can’t be retrieved from the output(hash). Read more about hashing from here. It is an integral part of blockchain technology. We have a lot of hashing algorithms that can be used … Read more
Cryptography is the method of securing data from unauthorised access. When we say Cryptography, we are looking for the following. Before going to blockchain in cryptography, let’s first understand cryptography. Confidentiality The information cannot be understood by anyone for whom it was unintended. Except for the sender and receiver, no one can read the message. Integrity … Read more
As technology usage increases, everyone develops their own way of using it. This leads to difficulties in maintaining consistency and interoperability. Example:Developers follow different naming conventions and coding styles. For instance, method names may be written in various styles like camelCase, snake_case, etc. These inconsistencies make it challenging to work across different frameworks and PHP … Read more
Bit manipulation is a fundamental technique in programming that involves operating directly on bits—the basic units of information in computers. It enables high-performance solutions for many computational problems, particularly in competitive programming, cryptography, embedded systems, and optimisation tasks. Understanding bitwise operations can significantly improve code efficiency and reduce execution time. Binary representation Computers only understand … Read more
Query Collections Duplicate value Delete Duplicate Records While Keeping One Efficiently remove duplicates but keep one copy. Way 1 Recommended way cte + window It’s a more modern SQL approach, clearer in intent when dealing with duplicates, and easier to adapt for more complex rules. Read Further Way 2: subquery Nth Largest Value Replace query … Read more
Logging levels help categorize log messages by severity, ensuring developers and system administrators can efficiently filter and analyze logs. This article explores different logging levels, their purposes, and best practices. What Are Logging Levels? Logging levels define the importance and severity of log messages. These levels help in managing log verbosity and ensuring that critical … Read more
A web server is a software that handles incoming requests from clients (usually browsers) and serves responses, such as web pages, data, or files. Python web servers can handle various protocols and are often used for serving websites, APIs, and static content. Standards for Python Web Applications to communicate with web servers Standards for Python … Read more
When building web applications in Python, it’s crucial to understand the foundational interfaces that enable communication between web servers and web applications. The two primary interfaces in Python are WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) and ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface). While they may seem similar on the surface, they cater to different application needs and … Read more
Iterators and iterables are foundational concepts in Python, forming the basis of its looping mechanisms. They allow you to traverse collections like lists, tuples, dictionaries, and custom objects. Let’s explore them in detail. What is an Iterable? An iterable is any Python object that can be iterated over (i.e., you can go through its elements … Read more
Method Resolution Order (MRO) is a critical concept in object-oriented programming, particularly in Python, which determines the order in which classes are searched when looking for a method in a class hierarchy. This order is especially important when working with multiple inheritance, where a class inherits from more than one parent class. Python uses a … Read more